Covid-19: Wider use of FFP3 masks may be needed because of airborne transmission, say scientific advisers

OBJECTIVE Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast functional MRI images show activated cortical areas by detecting a reduced concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) during neuronal activity; however, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has shown various patterns cerebral blood (CBO) changes in the frontal lobe cognitive tasks. To determine if CBO occur when brain is directly stimulated, induced deep stimulation patients with implanted electrodes were evaluated. METHODS Six studied, including five Parkinson9s disease and one essential tremor. reduce tremor or rigidity, at thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM: three tremor) globus pallidus internus (GPi: two disease). Using NIRS, deoxy-Hb, oxyhaemoglobin (oxy-Hb) total haemoglobin (total Hb) measured bilateral lobes stimulus conditions. RESULTS High frequency (120 Hz) GPi consistently increased oxy-Hb Hb decrease deoxy-Hb an intensity time manner. Oxy-Hb immediately after onset then gradually decreased was continued. By contrast, high VIM oxy-Hb, deoxy In severe patient stimulation, response examined decreasing frequencies; frequencies (70–40 Hz), below control low (30–0 whereas frequencies. CONCLUSION The electrical caused lobe, which similar to those found Such multiplicity may be complex circuits many connections other basal ganglia.